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postfix_lang_spec.md
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# APEX Language Specification v0.1
**Array-oriented Postfix Expression Language**
## Design Philosophy
APEX combines the clarity of postfix notation (RPL), the power of systems programming (C), and modern array-oriented programming (Uiua). The language uses strict postfix (RPN) syntax where all operators follow their operands, promoting a natural stack-based evaluation model.
---
## Tier System
### Tier 1: Foundation
Core stack operations, basic arithmetic, simple control flow
### Tier 2: Structured Programming
Functions, arrays, complex data types, advanced control structures
### Tier 3: Systems Programming
Memory management, pointers, foreign function interface, concurrency
---
## Tier 1: Foundation
### Stack Operations
```
dup - Duplicate top item: a → a a
drop - Remove top item: a →
swap - Swap top two items: a b → b a
over - Copy second item: a b → a b a
rot - Rotate three items: a b c → b c a
```
### Arithmetic Operators (Postfix)
```
+ - Addition: a b → (a+b)
- - Subtraction: a b → (a-b)
* - Multiplication: a b → (a*b)
/ - Division: a b → (a/b)
% - Modulo: a b → (a%b)
neg - Negate: a → (-a)
```
### Comparison Operators
```
= - Equal: a b → bool
< - Less than: a b → bool
> - Greater than: a b → bool
<= - Less or equal: a b → bool
>= - Greater or equal: a b → bool
!= - Not equal: a b → bool
```
### Logical Operators
```
and - Logical AND: a b → bool
or - Logical OR: a b → bool
not - Logical NOT: a → bool
```
### Basic Control Flow
```
[ condition ] [ true-branch ] if
[ condition ] [ true-branch ] [ false-branch ] ifelse
```
Example:
```apex
5 3 > [ "greater" ] [ "not greater" ] ifelse print
```
### Variables
```
var-name ! - Store to variable (pop from stack)
var-name @ - Load from variable (push to stack)
```
Example:
```apex
42 x ! # Store 42 to x
x @ 10 + # Load x, add 10 → 52
```
### Comments
```
# Single line comment
(* Multi-line
comment *)
```
---
## Tier 2: Structured Programming
### Functions
Functions are defined with postfix syntax:
```
[ body ] function-name :
```
Example:
```apex
[ dup * ] square : # Define square function
5 square # Call: 5 → 25
```
### Functions with Local Variables
```
[ arg1 arg2 | body ] function-name :
```
The `|` separator indicates parameter binding from stack:
```apex
[ x y | x @ y @ + ] add : # Pop two values, bind to x and y
3 5 add # → 8
```
### Recursion
```apex
[ n |
n @ 1 <=
[ 1 ]
[ n @ n @ 1 - factorial * ]
ifelse
] factorial :
5 factorial # → 120
```
### Arrays (Uiua-inspired)
```
[ e1 e2 e3 ... ] - Array literal
length - Get array length: arr → n
@i - Index access: arr i → element
!i - Index store: arr i val →
range - Create range: n → [0..n-1]
each - Map function: arr [fn] → arr'
reduce - Fold: arr init [fn] → value
filter - Filter: arr [predicate] → arr'
```
Example:
```apex
[1 2 3 4 5] # Array on stack
[ 2 * ] each # → [2 4 6 8 10]
10 range [ 2 % 0 = ] filter # Even numbers: [0 2 4 6 8]
```
### Loops
```
[ condition ] [ body ] while
n [ body ] times
```
Example:
```apex
0 i !
[ i @ 10 < ] [
i @ print
i @ 1 + i !
] while
5 [ "hello" print ] times # Print "hello" 5 times
```
### Structures (Records)
```
{ field1 field2 ... } struct-name struct
```
Example:
```apex
{ x y } Point struct
3 4 Point.new p ! # Create Point(3, 4)
p @ .x # Access field x → 3
p @ 5 .x! # Set field x to 5
```
---
## Tier 3: Systems Programming
### Memory Management
```
size alloc - Allocate memory: n → ptr
ptr free - Free memory
ptr @ peek - Read from pointer: ptr → value
ptr value ! poke - Write to pointer
sizeof - Size of type: type → n
```
### Pointers (C-inspired)
```
&var - Address of variable: → ptr
ptr * - Dereference: ptr → value
ptr n +ptr - Pointer arithmetic: ptr n → ptr'
```
Example:
```apex
42 x !
&x # Get address of x
dup * # Dereference: → 42
100 swap ! poke # Write 100 to that address
x @ # x now contains 100
```
### Type System
```
:i32 :i64 :f32 :f64 - Numeric types
:bool :char - Basic types
:ptr - Pointer type
[ type ] :array - Array type
```
Example with type annotations:
```apex
[ x:i32 y:i32 | x @ y @ + ]:i32 add :
```
### Foreign Function Interface
```
"lib.so" import-lib
[ arg-types... ] ret-type "func_name" foreign
```
Example:
```apex
"libc.so.6" import-lib
[ :ptr ] :i32 "strlen" foreign strlen-ffi :
"hello" strlen-ffi # Call C strlen
```
### Concurrency
```
[ body ] spawn - Spawn thread: → thread-id
thread-id join - Wait for thread
value channel.send - Send to channel
channel.recv - Receive from channel: → value
lock.acquire
lock.release
```
Example:
```apex
[ 1 100 range [ . ] each ] spawn worker !
worker @ join
```
### System Calls
```
:read :write :open :close syscall
```
---
## Complete Example Program
```apex
# Fibonacci sequence generator (Tier 2)
[ n |
n @ 0 =
[ 0 ]
[ n @ 1 =
[ 1 ]
[ n @ 1 - fib n @ 2 - fib + ]
ifelse
]
ifelse
] fib :
# Calculate and print first 10 Fibonacci numbers
10 [
dup fib print
] each
# Array operations (Uiua-style)
[1 2 3 4 5]
[ dup * ] each # Square each: [1 4 9 16 25]
0 [ + ] reduce # Sum: 55
print
```
---
## Syntax Summary
### Key Principles
1. **Postfix everywhere**: All operators come after operands
2. **Stack-based**: Implicit stack for data flow
3. **Brackets for grouping**: `[ ]` for code blocks and arrays
4. **Sigils for operations**: `!` for store, `@` for load, `.` for field access
5. **Natural composition**: Functions compose left-to-right
### Operator Precedence
None! Being postfix eliminates precedence issues. Evaluation is strictly left-to-right, consuming operands from the stack.
---
## Implementation Notes
- **Tier 1** can be implemented as a simple stack-based interpreter
- **Tier 2** requires a symbol table for functions and array support
- **Tier 3** needs memory management, type checking, and possibly compilation
The tier system allows learners to master concepts progressively while enabling systems programming when needed.

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# Stack Language Specification v0.1
## 1. Overview
A statically-typed, stack-based language with postfix notation combining the execution model of HP's RPL, the type system of C and Rust, and modern array operations from Uiua.
### Design Principles
- All operations are postfix (RPN)
- Stack-based execution (no local variables)
- Static typing with type inference
- Manual heap memory management
- C-like syntax style adapted to postfix notation
- Functions manipulate the stack directly
## 2. Lexical Structure
### 2.1 Comments
```
// Single-line comment
```
### 2.2 Identifiers
- Start with letter or underscore: `[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*`
- Case-sensitive
### 2.3 Literals
**Integer Literals**
```
42 // i32 (default)
42i64 // i64
0xFF // hexadecimal
0b1010 // binary
```
**Floating Point Literals**
```
3.14 // f64 (default)
3.14f32 // f32
```
**String Literals**
```
"hello world"
"escape sequences: \n \t \\ \""
```
**Boolean Literals**
```
true
false
```
**Array Literals**
```
[1 2 3 4 5] // array of i32
[1.0 2.0 3.0] // array of f64
[[1 2] [3 4]] // 2D array
```
## 3. Type System
### 3.1 Primitive Types
- `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64` - Signed integers
- `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64` - Unsigned integers
- `f32`, `f64` - Floating point
- `bool` - Boolean
- `char` - Single character (UTF-8)
- `ptr<T>` - Raw pointer to type T
### 3.2 Compound Types
**Arrays**
```
[T; N] // Fixed-size array
[T] // Dynamic array (heap-allocated)
```
**Structs**
```
struct Point {
x: f64,
y: f64,
}
```
**Tagged Unions**
```
union Result<T, E> {
Ok(T),
Err(E),
}
```
### 3.3 Type Inference
Types are inferred where possible but can be explicitly annotated:
```
42 :i64 // Annotate literal
x get :f32 // Annotate stack value
```
## 4. Stack Operations
### 4.1 Stack Manipulation
```
dup // ( a -- a a ) Duplicate top
drop // ( a -- ) Remove top
swap // ( a b -- b a ) Swap top two
over // ( a b -- a b a ) Copy second to top
rot // ( a b c -- b c a ) Rotate three items
-rot // ( a b c -- c a b ) Rotate three items reverse
2dup // ( a b -- a b a b ) Duplicate top two
2drop // ( a b -- ) Drop top two
nip // ( a b -- b ) Drop second
tuck // ( a b -- b a b ) Copy top below second
```
### 4.2 Stack Inspection
```
depth // ( -- n ) Push stack depth
pick // ( n -- x ) Copy nth item to top (0 = top)
roll // ( n -- ) Move nth item to top
```
## 5. Operators (Postfix)
### 5.1 Arithmetic
```
3 4 + // ( a b -- result ) Addition
10 3 - // Subtraction
5 6 * // Multiplication
20 4 / // Division
17 5 % // Modulo
2 8 ** // Exponentiation
```
### 5.2 Comparison
```
5 3 > // Greater than
5 3 >= // Greater or equal
5 3 < // Less than
5 3 <= // Less or equal
5 5 == // Equal
5 3 != // Not equal
```
### 5.3 Logical
```
true false && // Logical AND
true false || // Logical OR
true ! // Logical NOT
```
### 5.4 Bitwise
```
0xFF 0x0F & // Bitwise AND
0xFF 0x0F | // Bitwise OR
0xFF 0x0F ^ // Bitwise XOR
0xFF ~ // Bitwise NOT
8 2 << // Left shift
8 2 >> // Right shift
```
## 6. Functions
Functions consume arguments from the stack and push results to the stack.
### 6.1 Function Definition
```
fn add_point : (Point Point -- Point) {
// Stack: p1 p2
swap .x get // p2.x
swap .x get // p1.x
+ // sum_x
swap .y get // p2.y
swap .y get // p1.y
+ // sum_y
Point::new // Create new Point
}
```
### 6.2 Function Signature
Format: `(input_types -- output_types)`
```
fn square : (i32 -- i32) {
dup *
}
fn divmod : (i32 i32 -- i32 i32) {
2dup / -rot %
}
fn no_op : (-- ) {
// Takes nothing, returns nothing
}
```
### 6.3 Generic Functions
```
fn identity<T> : (T -- T) {
// Simply returns the input
}
fn swap_pair<T, U> : (T U -- U T) {
swap
}
```
## 7. Control Flow
### 7.1 Conditionals
```
// if-then
condition if {
// Executed if true
}
// if-then-else
x 0 > if {
// Positive
} else {
// Non-positive
}
```
### 7.2 Loops
**While Loop**
```
// While condition is true
{ condition } while {
// Loop body
}
// Example: sum 1 to 10
0 1 // sum counter
{ dup 10 <= } while {
2dup + // Add counter to sum
swap 1 + swap // Increment counter
}
drop // Drop counter, leave sum
```
**For Loop (Range-based)**
```
1 10 for i {
i print
}
// Equivalent to:
1 10 range each { print }
```
### 7.3 Loop Control
```
break // Exit loop
continue // Skip to next iteration
```
## 8. Memory Management
### 8.1 Stack vs Heap
- Stack: Automatic, fixed-size types
- Heap: Manual, dynamic allocations
### 8.2 Heap Operations
```
// Allocate
Point::new heap_alloc // ( Point -- ptr<Point> )
// Dereference
ptr @ // ( ptr<T> -- T )
// Store
value ptr ! // ( T ptr<T> -- )
// Free
ptr free // ( ptr<T> -- )
```
### 8.3 Example
```
// Create heap-allocated point
3.0 4.0 Point::new heap_alloc // ptr<Point>
dup .x get print // Print x (3.0)
free // Clean up
```
## 9. Data Structures
### 9.1 Struct Definition and Usage
```
struct Rectangle {
width: f64,
height: f64,
}
// Constructor (auto-generated)
10.0 20.0 Rectangle::new // Create Rectangle
// Field access (postfix)
rect .width get // Get width
rect .width 15.0 set // Set width
// Method-like functions
fn Rectangle::area : (Rectangle -- f64) {
dup .width get
swap .height get
*
}
// Usage
rect Rectangle::area // Calculate area
```
### 9.2 Tagged Unions
```
union Option<T> {
Some(T),
None,
}
// Construction
42 Option::Some // Create Some(42)
Option::None // Create None
// Pattern matching
value match {
Some(x) => {
x print
},
None => {
"Nothing" print
},
}
```
### 9.3 Enums
```
enum Status {
Pending,
Active,
Complete,
}
Status::Active // Create enum value
```
## 10. Traits
Traits define shared behavior across types.
### 10.1 Trait Definition
```
trait Drawable {
fn draw : (Self -- );
}
trait Add<T> {
fn add : (Self T -- Self);
}
```
### 10.2 Trait Implementation
```
impl Drawable for Rectangle {
fn draw : (Rectangle -- ) {
"Drawing rectangle" print
dup .width get print
.height get print
}
}
impl Add<Point> for Point {
fn add : (Point Point -- Point) {
// Implementation from earlier
swap .x get swap .x get +
swap .y get swap .y get +
Point::new
}
}
```
### 10.3 Trait Bounds
```
fn draw_twice<T: Drawable> : (T -- ) {
dup draw
draw
}
```
## 11. Array Operations (Uiua-inspired)
### 11.1 Basic Array Operations
```
// Creation
[1 2 3 4 5] range // Create range array
// Shape operations
arr shape // Get shape
arr [2 3] reshape // Reshape to 2x3
// Element access
arr 2 @ // Index access
arr [1 3] slice // Slice array
```
### 11.2 Array Combinators
```
// Map
[1 2 3 4] { 2 * } map // [2 4 6 8]
// Filter
[1 2 3 4 5] { 2 % 0 == } filter // [2 4]
// Reduce
[1 2 3 4] 0 { + } reduce // 10
// Each (apply to each element)
[[1 2] [3 4]] { sum } each // [3 7]
```
### 11.3 Array Arithmetic
```
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] .+ // Element-wise add: [5 7 9]
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] .* // Element-wise multiply: [4 10 18]
[1 2 3] 2 .* // Scalar multiply: [2 4 6]
```
### 11.4 Array Manipulation
```
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] ++ // Concatenate: [1 2 3 4 5 6]
[1 2 3] reverse // [3 2 1]
[[1 2] [3 4]] transpose // [[1 3] [2 4]]
[1 2 3 4] 2 window // [[1 2] [2 3] [3 4]]
```
## 12. Eval Operator
Execute code dynamically at runtime.
```
// Evaluate string as code
"2 3 +" eval // Pushes 5
// Build and execute code
"fn square : (i32 -- i32) { dup * }" eval
5 square // 25
// Dynamic dispatch
operation_name " get" ++ eval // Call function by name
```
**Security Note**: Eval should be used carefully as it can execute arbitrary code.
## 13. Standard Library Concepts
### 13.1 I/O
```
"Hello" print // Print to stdout
"Enter name: " input // Read from stdin
"file.txt" read // Read file contents
"data" "file.txt" write // Write to file
```
### 13.2 String Operations
```
"hello" " world" ++ // Concatenate: "hello world"
"hello" length // 5
"hello" 1 3 substr // "el"
"a,b,c" "," split // ["a" "b" "c"]
["a" "b"] "," join // "a,b"
```
### 13.3 Type Conversion
```
42 to_f64 // Convert i32 to f64
"123" parse_i32 // Parse string to i32
3.14 to_string // Convert to string
```
## 14. Example Programs
### 14.1 Factorial
```
fn factorial : (i32 -- i32) {
dup 1 <= if {
drop 1
} else {
dup 1 - factorial *
}
}
5 factorial print // 120
```
### 14.2 FizzBuzz
```
fn fizzbuzz : (i32 -- ) {
dup 15 % 0 == if {
drop "FizzBuzz" print
} else {
dup 3 % 0 == if {
drop "Fizz" print
} else {
dup 5 % 0 == if {
drop "Buzz" print
} else {
print
}
}
}
}
1 100 for i {
i fizzbuzz
}
```
### 14.3 Using Structs and Traits
```
struct Circle {
radius: f64,
}
impl Drawable for Circle {
fn draw : (Circle -- ) {
"Circle with radius: " print
.radius get print
}
}
fn Circle::area : (Circle -- f64) {
.radius get
2.0 **
3.14159 *
}
// Usage
5.0 Circle::new
dup draw // Draw the circle
Circle::area print // Print area
```
### 14.4 Array Processing
```
// Sum of squares of even numbers from 1 to 10
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]
{ 2 % 0 == } filter // Keep even numbers
{ dup * } map // Square each
0 { + } reduce // Sum
print // 220
```
## 15. Implementation Notes
### 15.1 Type Checking
- Perform static type checking with full type inference
- Track stack types at compile time
- Ensure function signatures match actual stack effects
### 15.2 Interpreter Design
- Value stack: runtime execution stack
- Type stack: compile-time type tracking
- Call stack: function call management
- Heap: global allocator
### 15.3 Future Compilation
- Compile to bytecode for interpretation
- Potential LLVM backend for native compilation
- Stack optimization for register allocation
## 16. Syntax Summary
### Stack Manipulation
```
dup drop swap over rot pick roll
```
### Arithmetic (postfix)
```
a b + a b - a b * a b / a b % a b **
```
### Comparison
```
a b < a b > a b <= a b >= a b == a b !=
```
### Control Flow
```
cond if { ... }
cond if { ... } else { ... }
{ cond } while { ... }
start end for var { ... }
```
### Functions
```
fn name : (inputs -- outputs) { body }
fn name<T, U> : (T U -- U) { body }
```
### Memory
```
value heap_alloc ptr @ value ptr ! ptr free
```
### Arrays
```
[1 2 3]
arr { fn } map
arr { fn } filter
arr init { fn } reduce
```
---
**Version**: 0.1
**Status**: Draft Specification
**License**: Define your license here

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# Stack Language Specification v0.2
## 1. Overview
A statically-typed, stack-based language with pure postfix notation combining the execution model of HP's RPL, the type system of C and Rust, and modern array operations from Uiua.
### Design Principles
- **Everything is postfix** - no exceptions
- Stack-based execution (no local variables)
- Static typing with type inference
- Manual heap memory management
- Types define what things **are**, traits define how things **act**
- All constructs are implicitly generic
## 2. Lexical Structure
### 2.1 Comments
```
// Single-line comment
```
### 2.2 Identifiers
- Start with letter or underscore: `[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*`
- Case-sensitive
### 2.3 Literals
**Integer Literals**
```
42 // i32 (default)
42 i64 // Annotate as i64
0xFF // hexadecimal
0b1010 // binary
```
**Floating Point Literals**
```
3.14 // f64 (default)
3.14 f32 // Annotate as f32
```
**String Literals**
```
"hello world"
"escape sequences: \n \t \\ \""
```
**Boolean Literals**
```
true
false
```
**Array Literals**
```
[1 2 3 4 5] // array of i32
[1.0 2.0 3.0] // array of f64
[[1 2] [3 4]] // 2D array
```
## 3. Type System
### 3.1 Primitive Types
- `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64` - Signed integers
- `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64` - Unsigned integers
- `f32`, `f64` - Floating point
- `bool` - Boolean
- `char` - Single character (UTF-8)
- `ptr` - Raw pointer (generic over pointed type)
### 3.2 Types vs Traits
**Types** define the concrete structure and memory layout:
```
Point struct // Point is a type
Rectangle struct // Rectangle is a type
```
**Traits** define behavioral contracts - how things act:
```
Drawable trait // Drawable is a trait
Addable trait // Addable is a trait
```
**Key Distinction:**
- A value **has** a type (what it is structurally)
- A value **implements** a trait (how it behaves)
- Types are concrete; traits are interfaces
- Functions can be generic over both types and traits
### 3.3 All Constructs are Generic
Every function, struct, and union is implicitly generic. Constraints are specified via traits:
```
// Function generic over any type T
(T -- T) { dup * } square fn
// Function requiring T to implement Addable trait
(T T -- T) Addable { + } add_two fn
// Struct generic over field types
(T T --) { x: y: } Point struct
// Union generic over variant types
(T --) { Some(T) None } Option union
```
## 4. Stack Operations
### 4.1 Stack Manipulation
```
dup // ( a -- a a ) Duplicate top
drop // ( a -- ) Remove top
swap // ( a b -- b a ) Swap top two
over // ( a b -- a b a ) Copy second to top
rot // ( a b c -- b c a ) Rotate three items
-rot // ( a b c -- c a b ) Rotate three items reverse
2dup // ( a b -- a b a b ) Duplicate top two
2drop // ( a b -- ) Drop top two
nip // ( a b -- b ) Drop second
tuck // ( a b -- b a b ) Copy top below second
```
### 4.2 Stack Inspection
```
depth // ( -- n ) Push stack depth
pick // ( n -- x ) Copy nth item to top (0 = top)
roll // ( n -- ) Move nth item to top
```
## 5. Operators (Postfix)
### 5.1 Arithmetic
```
3 4 + // ( a b -- result ) Addition
10 3 - // Subtraction
5 6 * // Multiplication
20 4 / // Division
17 5 % // Modulo
2 8 ** // Exponentiation
```
### 5.2 Comparison
```
5 3 > // Greater than
5 3 >= // Greater or equal
5 3 < // Less than
5 3 <= // Less or equal
5 5 == // Equal
5 3 != // Not equal
```
### 5.3 Logical
```
true false and // Logical AND
true false or // Logical OR
true not // Logical NOT
```
### 5.4 Bitwise
```
0xFF 0x0F bitand // Bitwise AND
0xFF 0x0F bitor // Bitwise OR
0xFF 0x0F bitxor // Bitwise XOR
0xFF bitnot // Bitwise NOT
8 2 shl // Left shift
8 2 shr // Right shift
```
## 6. Functions (Postfix Definition)
Functions are defined in postfix notation. The signature and body come before the name.
### 6.1 Basic Function Definition
**Syntax**: `(inputs -- outputs) { body } name fn`
```
// Define a square function
(i32 -- i32) { dup * } square fn
// Use it
5 square // 25
// Multiple inputs and outputs
(i32 i32 -- i32 i32) {
2dup / -rot %
} divmod fn
10 3 divmod // 3 1 (quotient remainder)
```
### 6.2 Generic Functions with Trait Constraints
**Syntax**: `(type_sig) trait_constraints { body } name fn`
```
// Generic identity - works with any type
(T -- T) {} identity fn
// Requires T to be copyable
(T T -- T) Addable {
+
} add_values fn
// Multiple trait constraints
(T U -- U T) Copyable Swappable {
swap
} swap_generic fn
// Multiple type parameters with different traits
(T U -- T) Addable Numeric {
dup U as +
} add_converted fn
```
### 6.3 Function Examples
```
// No-op function
(-- ) {} noop fn
// Factorial (recursive)
(i32 -- i32) {
dup 1 { drop 1 } { dup 1 - factorial * } <= if
} factorial fn
// Constrained generic
(T -- T) Numeric {
dup 0 > { } { 0 T as - } if
} abs fn
```
## 7. Control Flow (Postfix)
### 7.1 Conditionals
**Syntax**: `condition { then-block } { else-block } if`
```
// if-then (else block is empty)
x 0 > { "positive" print } {} if
// if-then-else
x 0 >
{ "positive" print }
{ "non-positive" print }
if
// The condition comes first, then both blocks, then 'if'
a b >
{ a }
{ b }
if max set
// Nested
x 0 >
{
y 0 >
{ "both positive" print }
{ "x positive, y not" print }
if
}
{ "x not positive" print }
if
```
### 7.2 Loops
**While Loop**
**Syntax**: `{ condition-block } { body-block } while`
```
// Sum 1 to 10
0 1 // sum counter
{ dup 10 <= } // condition block
{ // body block
2dup + // Add counter to sum
swap 1 + swap // Increment counter
}
while
drop // Drop counter, leave sum
// Infinite loop with break
{ true } {
// body
condition { break } {} if
} while
```
**For Loop**
**Syntax**: `start end { body-with-counter } for`
```
// The loop variable is implicitly pushed to stack in each iteration
1 10 {
// Stack has loop counter on top
dup print
} for
// More complex
1 100 {
dup fizzbuzz
} for
```
### 7.3 Loop Control
```
break // Exit loop
continue // Skip to next iteration
```
### 7.4 Match/Pattern Matching
**Syntax**: `value { pattern => block ... } match`
```
value {
Some(x) => { x print }
None => { "Nothing" print }
} match
// With multiple patterns
status {
Pending => { "Waiting" print }
Active => { "Running" print }
Complete => { "Done" print }
} match
```
## 8. Data Structures (Postfix)
### 8.1 Struct Definition
**Syntax**: `(field_types -- ) { field_names } name struct`
```
// Define Point struct - generic over coordinate types
(T T --) { x: y: } Point struct
// Use with specific types
3.0 4.0 Point // Creates Point with f64 fields
3 4 Point // Creates Point with i32 fields
// More complex struct
(T U V --) {
width:
height:
depth:
} Box3D struct
10.0 20.0 30.0 Box3D
```
### 8.2 Struct Field Access
**Syntax (postfix)**: `struct field get` or `struct value field set`
```
point x get // Get x field
point 15.0 x set // Set x field to 15.0
// Chaining
point x get 2 * y get + // (point.x * 2) + point.y
```
### 8.3 Union Definition
**Syntax**: `(variant_types -- ) { variants } name union`
```
// Option type - generic over T
(T --) {
Some(T)
None
} Option union
// Result type - generic over T and E
(T E --) {
Ok(T)
Err(E)
} Result union
// Create union values
42 Some // Creates Option::Some(42)
None // Creates Option::None
"success" Ok // Creates Result::Ok("success")
"error" Err // Creates Result::Err("error")
```
### 8.4 Enum Definition
**Syntax**: `() { variants } name enum`
```
() {
Pending
Active
Complete
} Status enum
// Usage
Pending // Creates Status::Pending
Active // Creates Status::Active
```
## 9. Traits (Postfix)
### 9.1 Trait Definition
**Syntax**: `{ function_signatures } name trait`
```
// Simple trait
{
(Self -- ) draw:
} Drawable trait
// Trait with multiple methods
{
(Self Self -- Self) add:
(Self Self -- Self) sub:
(Self -- Self) neg:
} Numeric trait
// Generic trait
{
(Self T -- Self) append:
(Self -- T) pop:
} Container trait
```
### 9.2 Trait Implementation
**Syntax**: `type { method_implementations } trait impl`
```
// Implement Drawable for Rectangle
Rectangle {
(Rectangle -- ) {
"Drawing rectangle" print
dup width get print
height get print
} draw:
} Drawable impl
// Implement Numeric for Point
Point {
(Point Point -- Point) {
over x get over x get +
-rot y get swap y get +
Point
} add:
(Point Point -- Point) {
over x get over x get -
-rot y get swap y get -
Point
} sub:
(Point -- Point) {
dup x get 0 swap - x set
dup y get 0 swap - y set
} neg:
} Numeric impl
```
### 9.3 Using Traits in Functions
```
// Function requiring Drawable trait
(T -- ) Drawable {
draw
} draw_twice fn
// Multiple trait requirements
(T -- T) Numeric Copyable {
dup abs swap dup * +
} complex_calc fn
```
## 10. Memory Management (Postfix)
### 10.1 Heap Operations
```
// Allocate
3.0 4.0 Point alloc // ( Point -- ptr<Point> )
// Dereference
ptr deref // ( ptr<T> -- T )
// Store (dereference and update)
new_value ptr store // ( T ptr<T> -- )
// Free
ptr free // ( ptr<T> -- )
```
### 10.2 Example
```
// Create heap-allocated point
3.0 4.0 Point alloc // Returns ptr<Point>
dup x get print // Dereference and print x
free // Clean up
```
## 11. Array Operations (Postfix)
### 11.1 Basic Array Operations
```
// Creation
1 10 range // Create range array [1..10]
// Shape operations
arr shape // Get shape
arr 2 3 reshape // Reshape to 2x3
// Element access
arr 2 at // Index access
arr 1 3 slice // Slice array
```
### 11.2 Array Combinators
```
// Map - apply function to each element
[1 2 3 4] { 2 * } map // [2 4 6 8]
// Filter - keep elements matching predicate
[1 2 3 4 5] { 2 % 0 == } filter // [2 4]
// Reduce - fold with function
[1 2 3 4] 0 { + } reduce // 10
// Each - apply to each element (side effects)
[[1 2] [3 4]] { sum print } each
```
### 11.3 Array Arithmetic
```
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] +. // Element-wise add: [5 7 9]
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] *. // Element-wise multiply: [4 10 18]
[1 2 3] 2 *. // Scalar multiply: [2 4 6]
```
### 11.4 Array Manipulation
```
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] concat // Concatenate: [1 2 3 4 5 6]
[1 2 3] reverse // [3 2 1]
[[1 2] [3 4]] transpose // [[1 3] [2 4]]
[1 2 3 4] 2 window // [[1 2] [2 3] [3 4]]
```
## 12. Eval Operator (Postfix)
Execute code dynamically at runtime.
```
// Evaluate string as code
"2 3 +" eval // Pushes 5
// Build and execute code
"(i32 -- i32) { dup * } square fn" eval
5 square // 25
// Dynamic dispatch
operation_name " get" concat eval
```
## 13. Standard Library Concepts
### 13.1 I/O
```
"Hello" print // Print to stdout
"Enter name: " input // Read from stdin
"file.txt" read // Read file contents
"data" "file.txt" write // Write to file
```
### 13.2 String Operations
```
"hello" " world" concat // Concatenate: "hello world"
"hello" length // 5
"hello" 1 3 substr // "el"
"a,b,c" "," split // ["a" "b" "c"]
["a" "b"] "," join // "a,b"
```
### 13.3 Type Conversion
```
42 f64 as // Convert i32 to f64
"123" i32 parse // Parse string to i32
3.14 str as // Convert to string
```
## 14. Complete Examples
### 14.1 Factorial
```
(i32 -- i32) {
dup 1
{ drop 1 }
{ dup 1 - factorial * }
<= if
} factorial fn
5 factorial print // 120
```
### 14.2 FizzBuzz
```
(i32 -- ) {
dup 15 % 0 ==
{ drop "FizzBuzz" print }
{
dup 3 % 0 ==
{ drop "Fizz" print }
{
dup 5 % 0 ==
{ drop "Buzz" print }
{ print }
if
}
if
}
if
} fizzbuzz fn
1 100 { fizzbuzz } for
```
### 14.3 Point with Traits
```
// Define Point struct
(T T --) { x: y: } Point struct
// Define Drawable trait
{ (Self -- ) draw: } Drawable trait
// Implement Drawable for Point
Point {
(Point -- ) {
"Point(" print
dup x get print
", " print
y get print
")" print
} draw:
} Drawable impl
// Define distance function (requires Numeric)
(T T -- T) Numeric {
over x get over x get - dup *
swap y get swap y get - dup *
+ sqrt
} distance fn
// Usage
3.0 4.0 Point
5.0 12.0 Point
distance print // 13.0
```
### 14.4 Generic Container
```
// Define a generic stack container
(T --) {
items:
size:
} Stack struct
// Push function
(Stack T -- Stack) {
over items get swap concat
over size get 1 +
Stack
} stack_push fn
// Pop function (returns Stack and popped value)
(Stack -- Stack T) {
dup items get
dup length 1 -
over length 1 - at // Get last item
-rot 0 swap 1 - slice // Remove last item
over size get 1 -
Stack
swap
} stack_pop fn
// Usage
[] 0 Stack // Empty stack
42 stack_push
100 stack_push
stack_pop drop // Pop and discard value
```
### 14.5 Array Processing
```
// Sum of squares of even numbers from 1 to 10
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]
{ 2 % 0 == } filter // Keep even numbers
{ dup * } map // Square each
0 { + } reduce // Sum
print // 220
// More complex: find max of absolute differences
[1 5 2 8 3]
[2 3 7 4 6]
{ - abs } map2 // Element-wise abs difference
0 { max } reduce // Find maximum
print // 4
```
### 14.6 Result Type Usage
```
// Define Result union
(T E --) { Ok(T) Err(E) } Result union
// Function that returns Result
(i32 i32 -- Result) {
dup 0 ==
{ drop "Division by zero" Err }
{ / Ok }
if
} safe_div fn
// Use it
10 2 safe_div {
Ok(x) => { x print }
Err(e) => { "Error: " print e print }
} match
```
## 15. Syntax Summary
### Complete Grammar Patterns
**Functions**: `(in -- out) constraints { body } name fn`
**Structs**: `(types -- ) { fields: } name struct`
**Unions**: `(types -- ) { Variant(T) ... } name union`
**Enums**: `() { Variant ... } name enum`
**Traits**: `{ (sig) method: ... } name trait`
**Trait Impl**: `Type { (sig) { body } method: ... } Trait impl`
**If**: `condition { then } { else } if`
**While**: `{ condition } { body } while`
**For**: `start end { body } for`
**Match**: `value { pattern => block ... } match`
---
**Version**: 0.2
**Status**: Draft Specification - Pure Postfix Edition

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# Stack Language Specification v0.3
## 1. Overview
A statically-typed, stack-based language with pure postfix notation combining the execution model of HP's RPL, the type system of C and Rust, and modern array operations from Uiua.
### Design Principles
- **Everything is postfix** - no exceptions
- Stack-based execution (no local variables)
- Static typing with type inference
- Manual heap memory management
- Types define what things **are**, traits define how things **act**
- All constructs are implicitly generic
- **Every operator is defined by a trait**
## 2. Lexical Structure
### 2.1 Comments
```
// Single-line comment
```
### 2.2 Identifiers
- Start with letter or underscore: `[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*`
- Case-sensitive
- Trait names prefixed with `::` (e.g., `::Addable`, `::Number`)
### 2.3 Literals
**Integer Literals**
```
42 // i32 (default)
42 i64 // Annotate as i64
0xFF // hexadecimal
0b1010 // binary
```
**Floating Point Literals**
```
3.14 // f64 (default)
3.14 f32 // Annotate as f32
```
**String Literals**
```
"hello world"
"escape sequences: \n \t \\ \""
```
**Boolean Literals**
```
true
false
```
**Array Literals**
```
[1 2 3 4 5] // array of i32
[1.0 2.0 3.0] // array of f64
[[1 2] [3 4]] // 2D array
```
## 3. Type System
### 3.1 Primitive Types
- `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64` - Signed integers
- `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64` - Unsigned integers
- `f32`, `f64` - Floating point
- `bool` - Boolean
- `char` - Single character (UTF-8)
- `ptr` - Raw pointer (generic over pointed type)
### 3.2 Types vs Traits
**Types** define the concrete structure and memory layout:
```
Point struct // Point is a type
Rectangle struct // Rectangle is a type
```
**Traits** define behavioral contracts - how things act:
```
::Drawable trait // Drawable is a trait
::Addable trait // Addable is a trait
```
**Key Distinction:**
- A value **has** a type (what it is structurally)
- A value **implements** a trait (how it behaves)
- Types are concrete; traits are interfaces
- Functions can be generic over both types and traits
- **Every operator must be backed by a trait**
### 3.3 All Constructs are Generic
Every function, struct, and union is implicitly generic. Constraints are specified via traits:
```
// Function generic over any type T
(T -- T) { dup * } square fn
// Function requiring T to implement Addable trait
(T T -- T) ::Addable { + } add_two fn
// Struct generic over field types
(T T --) { x: y: } Point struct
// Union generic over variant types
(T --) { Some(T) None } Option union
```
## 4. Base Traits (Non-Exhaustive)
### 4.1 Core Traits
**::Pushable** - Can be pushed onto the stack
```
{ (-- Self) push: } ::Pushable trait
```
**::ArrayOf** - Array container trait
```
{ (-- ArrayOf[T]) create: (ArrayOf[T] i32 -- T) at: } ::ArrayOf trait
```
**::Addable** - Supports addition and subtraction
```
{ (Self Self -- Self) +: (Self Self -- Self) -: } ::Addable trait
```
**::Number** - Numeric operations
```
// Number inherits from multiple traits
[ ::Addable ::Multiplyable ::Comparable ] ::Number inher
```
**::String** - String operations
```
{ (Self Self -- Self) concat: (Self -- i32) length: } ::String trait
```
**::Identifier** - Represents identifiers/symbols
```
{ (-- TokenString) name: } ::Identifier trait
```
**::Trait** - Meta-trait for trait operations
```
{ (TokenString Identifier --) trait: (Identifier TokenString Identifier --) impl: (ArrayOf[Identifier] Identifier --) inher: } ::Trait trait
```
### 4.2 Additional Core Traits
**::Multiplyable** - Multiplication and division
```
{ (Self Self -- Self) *: (Self Self -- Self) /: (Self Self -- Self) %: } ::Multiplyable trait
```
**::Comparable** - Comparison operations
```
{ (Self Self -- bool) >: (Self Self -- bool) >=: (Self Self -- bool) <: (Self Self -- bool) <=: (Self Self -- bool) ==: (Self Self -- bool) !=: } ::Comparable trait
```
**::Logical** - Logical operations
```
{ (Self Self -- Self) and: (Self Self -- Self) or: (Self -- Self) not: } ::Logical trait
```
**::Bitwise** - Bitwise operations
```
{ (Self Self -- Self) bitand: (Self Self -- Self) bitor: (Self Self -- Self) bitxor: (Self -- Self) bitnot: (Self i32 -- Self) shl: (Self i32 -- Self) shr: } ::Bitwise trait
```
**::Exponentiable** - Exponentiation
```
{ (Self Self -- Self) ^: } ::Exponentiable trait
```
## 5. Stack Operations
### 5.1 Stack Manipulation
All stack operations are backed by traits.
```
dup // ( a -- a a ) Duplicate top [::Duplicable]
drop // ( a -- ) Remove top [::Droppable]
swap // ( a b -- b a ) Swap top two [::Swappable]
over // ( a b -- a b a ) Copy second to top [::Overable]
rot // ( a b c -- b c a ) Rotate three items [::Rotatable]
```
### 5.2 Stack Inspection
```
depth // ( -- n ) Push stack depth [::Inspectable]
pick // ( n -- x ) Copy nth item to top (0 = top) [::Pickable]
roll // ( n times -- ) Rotate n items, times times [::Rollable]
```
**Roll Examples:**
```
// Stack: a b c d e
3 1 roll // Rotate top 3 items once: a b d e c
3 2 roll // Rotate top 3 items twice: a b e c d
5 1 roll // Rotate all 5 items once: b c d e a
```
## 6. Operators (Postfix)
**Every operator is backed by a trait and must be implemented for types that use it.**
### 6.1 Arithmetic (::Addable, ::Multiplyable, ::Exponentiable)
```
3 4 + // ( a b -- result ) Addition [::Addable]
10 3 - // Subtraction [::Addable]
5 6 * // Multiplication [::Multiplyable]
20 4 / // Division [::Multiplyable]
17 5 % // Modulo [::Multiplyable]
2 8 ^ // Exponentiation [::Exponentiable]
```
### 6.2 Comparison (::Comparable)
```
5 3 > // Greater than [::Comparable]
5 3 >= // Greater or equal [::Comparable]
5 3 < // Less than [::Comparable]
5 3 <= // Less or equal [::Comparable]
5 5 == // Equal [::Comparable]
5 3 != // Not equal [::Comparable]
```
### 6.3 Logical (::Logical)
```
true false and // Logical AND [::Logical]
true false or // Logical OR [::Logical]
true not // Logical NOT [::Logical]
```
### 6.4 Bitwise (::Bitwise)
```
0xFF 0x0F bitand // Bitwise AND [::Bitwise]
0xFF 0x0F bitor // Bitwise OR [::Bitwise]
0xFF 0x0F bitxor // Bitwise XOR [::Bitwise]
0xFF bitnot // Bitwise NOT [::Bitwise]
8 2 shl // Left shift [::Bitwise]
8 2 shr // Right shift [::Bitwise]
```
## 7. Trait System
### 7.1 Trait Definition
**Syntax**: `{ function_signatures } ::name trait`
```
// Simple trait
{
(Self -- ) draw:
} ::Drawable trait
// Trait with multiple methods
{
(Self Self -- Self) add:
(Self Self -- Self) sub:
(Self -- Self) neg:
} ::Numeric trait
// The comprehensive Trait meta-trait
{
(TokenString Identifier --) trait:
(Identifier TokenString Identifier --) impl:
(ArrayOf[Identifier] Identifier --) inher:
} ::Implementable trait
```
### 7.2 Trait Implementation
**Syntax**: `::type { method_implementations } ::trait impl`
```
// Implement Addable for i32
::i32 {
(Self Self -- Self) {
// Native addition implementation
} +:
(Self Self -- Self) {
// Native subtraction implementation
} -:
} ::Addable impl
// Implement Drawable for Rectangle
::Rectangle {
(Rectangle -- ) {
"Drawing rectangle" print
dup width get print
height get print
} draw:
} ::Drawable impl
```
### 7.3 Trait Inheritance
**Syntax**: `[ ::trait1 ::trait2 ... ] ::derived_trait inher`
```
// Number inherits from Addable and Multiplyable
[ ::Addable ::Multiplyable ] ::Number inher
// Numeric inherits from Number, Comparable, and Exponentiable
[ ::Number ::Comparable ::Exponentiable ] ::Numeric inher
// Complex inheritance
[ ::Drawable ::Transformable ::Collidable ] ::GameObject inher
```
### 7.4 Using Traits in Functions
```
// Function requiring Drawable trait
(T -- ) ::Drawable {
draw
} draw_twice fn
// Multiple trait requirements
(T -- T) ::Numeric ::Copyable {
dup abs swap dup * +
} complex_calc fn
```
## 8. Functions (Postfix Definition)
Functions are defined in postfix notation. The signature and body come before the name.
### 8.1 Basic Function Definition
**Syntax**: `(inputs -- outputs) { body } name fn`
```
// Define a square function
(i32 -- i32) { dup * } square fn
// Use it
5 square // 25
// Multiple inputs and outputs
(i32 i32 -- i32 i32) {
2dup / swap %
} divmod fn
10 3 divmod // 3 1 (quotient remainder)
```
### 8.2 Generic Functions with Trait Constraints
**Syntax**: `(type_sig) ::trait_constraints { body } name fn`
```
// Generic identity - works with any type
(T -- T) {} identity fn
// Requires T to be Addable
(T T -- T) ::Addable {
+
} add_values fn
// Multiple trait constraints
(T U -- U T) ::Copyable ::Swappable {
swap
} swap_generic fn
// Multiple type parameters with different traits
(T U -- T) ::Addable ::Numeric {
dup U as +
} add_converted fn
```
## 9. Control Flow (Postfix)
### 9.1 Conditionals
**Syntax**: `condition { then-block } { else-block } if`
```
// if-then (else block is empty)
x 0 > { "positive" print } {} if
// if-then-else
x 0 >
{ "positive" print }
{ "non-positive" print }
if
// The condition comes first, then both blocks, then 'if'
a b >
{ a }
{ b }
if max set
// Nested
x 0 >
{
y 0 >
{ "both positive" print }
{ "x positive, y not" print }
if
}
{ "x not positive" print }
if
```
### 9.2 Loops
**While Loop**
**Syntax**: `{ condition-block } { body-block } while`
```
// Sum 1 to 10
0 1 // sum counter
{ dup 10 <= } // condition block
{ // body block
over over + // Add counter to sum
swap 1 + swap // Increment counter
}
while
drop // Drop counter, leave sum
// Infinite loop with break
{ true } {
// body
condition { break } {} if
} while
```
**For Loop**
**Syntax**: `start end { body-with-counter } for`
```
// The loop variable is implicitly pushed to stack in each iteration
1 10 {
// Stack has loop counter on top
dup print
} for
// More complex
1 100 {
dup fizzbuzz
} for
```
### 9.3 Loop Control
```
break // Exit loop
continue // Skip to next iteration
```
### 9.4 Match/Pattern Matching
**Syntax**: `value { pattern => block ... } match`
```
value {
Some(x) => { x print }
None => { "Nothing" print }
} match
// With multiple patterns
status {
Pending => { "Waiting" print }
Active => { "Running" print }
Complete => { "Done" print }
} match
```
## 10. Data Structures (Postfix)
### 10.1 Struct Definition
**Syntax**: `(field_types -- ) { field_names } name struct`
```
// Define Point struct - generic over coordinate types
(T T --) { x: y: } Point struct
// Use with specific types
3.0 4.0 Point // Creates Point with f64 fields
3 4 Point // Creates Point with i32 fields
// More complex struct
(T U V --) {
width:
height:
depth:
} Box3D struct
10.0 20.0 30.0 Box3D
```
### 10.2 Struct Field Access
**Syntax (postfix)**: `struct field get` or `struct value field set`
```
point x get // Get x field
point 15.0 x set // Set x field to 15.0
// Chaining
point x get 2 * y get + // (point.x * 2) + point.y
```
### 10.3 Union Definition
**Syntax**: `(variant_types -- ) { variants } name union`
```
// Option type - generic over T
(T --) {
Some(T)
None
} Option union
// Result type - generic over T and E
(T E --) {
Ok(T)
Err(E)
} Result union
// Create union values
42 Some // Creates Option::Some(42)
None // Creates Option::None
"success" Ok // Creates Result::Ok("success")
"error" Err // Creates Result::Err("error")
```
### 10.4 Enum Definition
**Syntax**: `() { variants } name enum`
```
() {
Pending
Active
Complete
} Status enum
// Usage
Pending // Creates Status::Pending
Active // Creates Status::Active
```
## 11. Memory Management (Postfix)
### 11.1 Heap Operations
```
// Allocate
3.0 4.0 Point alloc // ( Point -- ptr<Point> )
// Dereference
ptr deref // ( ptr<T> -- T )
// Store (dereference and update)
new_value ptr store // ( T ptr<T> -- )
// Free
ptr free // ( ptr<T> -- )
```
### 11.2 Example
```
// Create heap-allocated point
3.0 4.0 Point alloc // Returns ptr<Point>
dup x get print // Dereference and print x
free // Clean up
```
## 12. Array Operations (Postfix)
### 12.1 Basic Array Operations
```
// Creation
1 10 range // Create range array [1..10]
// Shape operations
arr shape // Get shape
arr 2 3 reshape // Reshape to 2x3
// Element access
arr 2 at // Index access
arr 1 3 slice // Slice array
```
### 12.2 Array Combinators
```
// Map - apply function to each element
[1 2 3 4] { 2 * } map // [2 4 6 8]
// Filter - keep elements matching predicate
[1 2 3 4 5] { 2 % 0 == } filter // [2 4]
// Reduce - fold with function
[1 2 3 4] 0 { + } reduce // 10
// Each - apply to each element (side effects)
[[1 2] [3 4]] { sum print } each
```
### 12.3 Array Arithmetic
```
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] +. // Element-wise add: [5 7 9]
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] *. // Element-wise multiply: [4 10 18]
[1 2 3] 2 *. // Scalar multiply: [2 4 6]
```
### 12.4 Array Manipulation
```
[1 2 3] [4 5 6] concat // Concatenate: [1 2 3 4 5 6]
[1 2 3] reverse // [3 2 1]
[[1 2] [3 4]] transpose // [[1 3] [2 4]]
[1 2 3 4] 2 window // [[1 2] [2 3] [3 4]]
```
## 13. Eval Operator (Postfix)
Execute code dynamically at runtime.
```
// Evaluate string as code
"2 3 +" eval // Pushes 5
// Build and execute code
"(i32 -- i32) { dup * } square fn" eval
5 square // 25
// Dynamic dispatch
operation_name " get" concat eval
```
## 14. Standard Library Concepts
### 14.1 I/O
```
"Hello" print // Print to stdout
"Enter name: " input // Read from stdin
"file.txt" read // Read file contents
"data" "file.txt" write // Write to file
```
### 14.2 String Operations
```
"hello" " world" concat // Concatenate: "hello world"
"hello" length // 5
"hello" 1 3 substr // "el"
"a,b,c" "," split // ["a" "b" "c"]
["a" "b"] "," join // "a,b"
```
### 14.3 Type Conversion
```
42 f64 as // Convert i32 to f64
"123" i32 parse // Parse string to i32
3.14 str as // Convert to string
```
## 15. Complete Examples
### 15.1 Trait Implementation Example
```
// Define the Addable trait
{
(Self Self -- Self) +:
(Self Self -- Self) -:
} ::Addable trait
// Implement for i32
::i32 {
(Self Self -- Self) {
// Native addition
} +:
(Self Self -- Self) {
// Native subtraction
} -:
} ::Addable impl
// Implement for Point
::Point {
(Point Point -- Point) {
over x get over x get +
swap y get swap y get +
Point
} +:
(Point Point -- Point) {
over x get over x get -
swap y get swap y get -
Point
} -:
} ::Addable impl
```
### 15.2 Trait Inheritance Example
```
// Define base traits
{ (Self Self -- Self) +: (Self Self -- Self) -: } ::Addable trait
{ (Self Self -- Self) *: (Self Self -- Self) /: } ::Multiplyable trait
{ (Self Self -- Self) ^: } ::Exponentiable trait
// Number inherits from multiple traits
[ ::Addable ::Multiplyable ] ::Number inher
// Numeric extends Number further
[ ::Number ::Exponentiable ] ::Numeric inher
```
### 15.3 Factorial
```
(i32 -- i32) {
dup 1
{ drop 1 }
{ dup 1 - factorial * }
<= if
} factorial fn
5 factorial print // 120
```
### 15.4 FizzBuzz
```
(i32 -- ) {
dup 15 % 0 ==
{ drop "FizzBuzz" print }
{
dup 3 % 0 ==
{ drop "Fizz" print }
{
dup 5 % 0 ==
{ drop "Buzz" print }
{ print }
if
}
if
}
if
} fizzbuzz fn
1 100 { fizzbuzz } for
```
### 15.5 Using Roll
```
// Stack: 1 2 3 4 5
3 1 roll // Rotate top 3 once: 1 2 4 5 3
3 2 roll // Rotate top 3 twice: 1 2 5 3 4
// More complex example
10 20 30 40 50
4 2 roll // Rotate top 4, twice: 10 30 40 50 20
```
### 15.6 Array Processing
```
// Sum of squares of even numbers from 1 to 10
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]
{ 2 % 0 == } filter // Keep even numbers
{ dup * } map // Square each
0 { + } reduce // Sum
print // 220
```
## 16. Syntax Summary
### Complete Grammar Patterns
**Functions**: `(in -- out) ::constraints { body } name fn`
**Structs**: `(types -- ) { fields: } name struct`
**Unions**: `(types -- ) { Variant(T) ... } name union`
**Enums**: `() { Variant ... } name enum`
**Traits**: `{ (sig) method: ... } ::name trait`
**Trait Impl**: `::Type { (sig) { body } method: ... } ::Trait impl`
**Trait Inheritance**: `[ ::Trait1 ::Trait2 ] ::NewTrait inher`
**If**: `condition { then } { else } if`
**While**: `{ condition } { body } while`
**For**: `start end { body } for`
**Match**: `value { pattern => block ... } match`
---
**Version**: 0.3
**Status**: Draft Specification - Trait-Backed Operations Edition

1002
stack_lang_spec_v04.md
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25
v0.3 ideas.md
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@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
I have a few changes to this to make it match my vision more:
- Every operator defined should have a trait
- Remove `-rot`, `2dup`, `2drop`, `nip`, and `tuck`
- Make `roll` use the top two of the stack as the number of items to rotate and how many times to do so
- Make `rot` do what `roll` currently does
- Change `**` to `^`
Base Traits (Non-Exhaustive):
- `Pushable`
- `ArrayOf`
- `Addable`
- `Number`
- `String`
- `Identifier`
- `Trait`
Trait Examples:
- `{ (TokenString Identifier --) trait: (Identifier TokenString Identifier --) impl: (ArrayOf[Identifier] Identifier --) inher: } ::Implementable trait`
- `{ (Self Self -- Self) +: (Self Self -- Self) -: } ::Addable trait`
Example Implementations:
- `::i32 { (Self Self -- Addable) { code } } ::Addable impl`
Example Inheritance:
- `[ ::Addable ::Multiplyable ] ::Number inher`