--- Title: A Standard Library Prev: Advanced Topics Next: Complete Trait Reference --- ## Appendix A: Standard Library This appendix provides a complete alphabetical reference of all standard library functions and operations. ### Standard Library Categories **Array Operations**: at, concat, each, filter, length, map, reduce, reverse, shape, slice, transpose, window **I/O Operations**: input, print, read, write **String Operations**: concat, join, length, split, substr **Type Conversion**: parse, to_i8, to_i16, to_i32, to_i64, to_u8, to_u16, to_u32, to_u64, to_f32, to_f64, to_str **Utility Operations**: eval, lambda ### Alphabetical Reference #### at **Signature**: `(Selectable Size -- T)` **Trait**: Selectable **Description**: Access element at the given index. **Example**: ``` [10 20 30] 1 at // Returns 20 ``` **See Also**: slice, length #### concat **Signature**: `(Concatenable Concatenable -- Concatenable)` **Trait**: Concatenable **Description**: Concatenate two containers or strings. **Example**: ``` [1 2 3] [4 5 6] concat // Returns [1 2 3 4 5 6] "hello" " world" concat // Returns "hello world" ``` **See Also**: join, split #### depth **Signature**: `(-- Size)` **Trait**: Stackable **Description**: Push current stack depth onto the stack. **Example**: ``` 1 2 3 depth // Returns 1 2 3 3 ``` **See Also**: pick, roll #### drop **Signature**: `(Self --)` **Trait**: Stackable **Description**: Remove and discard the top item from the stack. **Example**: ``` 5 10 drop // Returns 5 ``` **See Also**: dup, swap #### dup **Signature**: `(Self -- Self Self)` **Trait**: Stackable **Description**: Duplicate the top item on the stack. **Example**: ``` 5 dup // Returns 5 5 ``` **See Also**: drop, over #### each **Signature**: `(ArrayOf TokenString --)` **Description**: Apply function to each element (side effects). **Example**: ``` [1 2 3] { print } each // Prints 1, 2, 3 ``` **See Also**: map, filter #### eval **Signature**: `(TokenString --)` **Trait**: Implementable **Description**: Parse and execute TokenString as code. **Example**: ``` "2 3 +" eval // Returns 5 ``` **See Also**: lambda #### filter **Signature**: `(ArrayOf TokenString -- ArrayOf)` **Description**: Keep only elements matching predicate. **Example**: ``` [1 2 3 4 5] { 2 % 0 == } filter // Returns [2 4] ``` **See Also**: map, reduce #### input **Signature**: `(String -- String)` **Description**: Print prompt and read line from stdin. **Example**: ``` "Enter name: " input // Prompts and returns user input ``` **See Also**: print, read #### join **Signature**: `(ArrayOf String -- String)` **Description**: Join array of strings with delimiter. **Example**: ``` ["a" "b" "c"] "," join // Returns "a,b,c" ``` **See Also**: split, concat #### lambda **Signature**: `(TokenString -- Callable)` **Trait**: Implementable **Description**: Convert TokenString to callable code block. **Example**: ``` { dup * } lambda ::square swap 5 square eval // Returns 25 ``` **See Also**: eval #### length **Signature**: `(Sized -- i64)` **Trait**: Sized **Description**: Get the number of elements in a container. **Example**: ``` [1 2 3 4 5] length // Returns 5 "hello" length // Returns 5 ``` **See Also**: at, slice #### map **Signature**: `(ArrayOf TokenString -- ArrayOf)` **Description**: Transform each element with function. **Example**: ``` [1 2 3 4] { 2 * } map // Returns [2 4 6 8] ``` **See Also**: filter, reduce, each #### over **Signature**: `(Self Self -- Self Self Self)` **Trait**: Stackable **Description**: Copy the second item to the top of the stack. **Example**: ``` 5 10 over // Returns 5 10 5 ``` **See Also**: dup, swap, rot #### parse **Signature**: `(String -- Parseable)` **Trait**: Parseable **Description**: Parse string to value of inferred type. **Example**: ``` "123" parse // Returns 123 (as appropriate numeric type) ``` **See Also**: to_str #### pick **Signature**: `(Size -- Self)` **Trait**: Stackable **Description**: Copy nth item to top (0 = top, 1 = second, etc.). **Example**: ``` 1 2 3 4 2 pick // Returns 1 2 3 4 2 ``` **See Also**: roll, depth #### print **Signature**: `(Stringifiable --)` **Description**: Print value to stdout. **Example**: ``` "Hello" print // Prints: Hello 42 print // Prints: 42 ``` **See Also**: input, to_str #### read **Signature**: `(String -- String)` **Description**: Read file contents as string. **Example**: ``` "file.txt" read // Returns file contents ``` **See Also**: write #### reduce **Signature**: `(ArrayOf T TokenString -- T)` **Description**: Fold array with accumulator function. **Example**: ``` [1 2 3 4] 0 { + } reduce // Returns 10 ``` **See Also**: map, filter #### reverse **Signature**: `(ArrayOf -- ArrayOf)` **Description**: Reverse order of array elements. **Example**: ``` [1 2 3] reverse // Returns [3 2 1] ``` **See Also**: transpose #### roll **Signature**: `(Size Size --)` **Trait**: Stackable **Description**: Rotate n items, times times. **Example**: ``` 1 2 3 4 3 1 roll // Rotates top 3 once: 1 3 4 2 ``` **See Also**: rot, pick #### rot **Signature**: `(Self Self Self -- Self Self Self)` **Trait**: Stackable **Description**: Rotate the top three items. **Example**: ``` 1 2 3 rot // Returns 2 3 1 ``` **See Also**: swap, roll #### slice **Signature**: `(Sliceable Size Size -- Sliceable)` **Trait**: Sliceable **Description**: Extract elements from start to end index. **Example**: ``` [10 20 30 40] 1 3 slice // Returns [20 30] ``` **See Also**: at, length #### split **Signature**: `(String String -- ArrayOf)` **Trait**: String **Description**: Split string by delimiter. **Example**: ``` "a,b,c" "," split // Returns ["a" "b" "c"] ``` **See Also**: join, substr #### substr **Signature**: `(String Size Size -- String)` **Trait**: String **Description**: Extract substring from start to end index. **Example**: ``` "hello" 1 3 substr // Returns "el" ``` **See Also**: slice, split #### swap **Signature**: `(Self Self -- Self Self)` **Trait**: Stackable **Description**: Swap the top two items on the stack. **Example**: ``` 5 10 swap // Returns 10 5 ``` **See Also**: dup, rot #### to_f32, to_f64 **Signature**: `(Convertible -- f32/f64)` **Trait**: Convertible **Description**: Convert value to 32-bit or 64-bit float. **Example**: ``` 42 to_f64 // Returns 42.0 ``` **See Also**: to_i32, to_str #### to_i8, to_i16, to_i32, to_i64 **Signature**: `(Convertible -- i8/i16/i32/i64)` **Trait**: Convertible **Description**: Convert value to signed integer type. **Example**: ``` 3.14 to_i32 // Returns 3 (truncates) ``` **See Also**: to_u32, to_f64 #### to_str **Signature**: `(Stringifiable -- String)` **Trait**: Stringifiable **Description**: Convert value to string representation. **Example**: ``` 42 to_str // Returns "42" ``` **See Also**: parse, print #### to_u8, to_u16, to_u32, to_u64 **Signature**: `(Convertible -- u8/u16/u32/u64)` **Trait**: Convertible **Description**: Convert value to unsigned integer type. **Example**: ``` 42 to_u32 // Returns 42 (as u32) ``` **See Also**: to_i32, to_f64 #### transpose **Signature**: `(ArrayOf> -- ArrayOf>)` **Description**: Transpose a 2D array (swap rows and columns). **Example**: ``` [[1 2] [3 4]] transpose // Returns [[1 3] [2 4]] ``` **See Also**: reverse #### window **Signature**: `(ArrayOf Size -- ArrayOf>)` **Description**: Create sliding windows of given size. **Example**: ``` [1 2 3 4] 2 window // Returns [[1 2] [2 3] [3 4]] ``` **See Also**: slice #### write **Signature**: `(String String --)` **Description**: Write string to file. **Example**: ``` "data" "file.txt" write // Writes "data" to file.txt ``` **See Also**: read ---